City Research Online

Huang, F. & Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866 (2023). HEDF: A Method for Early Forecasting Software Defects Based on Human Error Mechanisms. IEEE Access, 11, pp. 3626-3652. doi: 10.1109/access.2023.3234490

Aghazadeh Chakherlou, R., Salako, K. ORCID: 0000-0003-0394-7833 & Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866 (2022). Arguing safety of an improved autonomous vehicle from safe operation before the change: new results. In: RAIS 2022 2nd International Workshop on Reliability of Autonomous Intelligent Systems. RAIS 2022 2nd International Workshop on Reliability of Autonomous Intelligent Systems, 31 Oct - 3 Nov 2022, Charlotte, NC, USA. doi: 10.1109/ISSREW55968.2022.00085

Bishop, P. ORCID: 0000-0003-3307-5159, Povyakalo, A. ORCID: 0000-0002-4068-422X & Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866 (2022). Bootstrapping confidence in future safety based on past safe operation. In: 2022 IEEE 33rd International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE). 2022 IEEE 33rd International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE 2022), 31 Oct - 3 Nov 2022, Charlotte, NC, USA. doi: 10.1109/ISSRE55969.2022.00020

Popov, P. T. ORCID: 0000-0002-3434-5272, Buerkle, C., Oboril, F. , Paulitsch, M. & Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866view all authors (2022). Modelling road hazards and the effect on AV safety of hazardous failures. In: 2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). The 25th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (IEEE ITSC 2022), 8 Oct - 12 Oct 2022, Macau, China. doi: 10.1109/ITSC55140.2022.9922283

Terrosi, F., Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866 & Bondavalli, A. (2022). Impact of Machine Learning on Safety Monitors. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 41st International Conference, SAFECOMP 2022, 6-9 Sep 2022, Munich, Germnay. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-14835-4_9

Gadala, M., Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866 & Fujdiak, R. (2022). Authentication for Operators of Critical Medical Devices: A Contribution to Analysis of Design Trade-offs. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security. ARES 20222: The 17th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, 23-26 Aug 2022, Vienna, Austria. doi: 10.1145/3538969.3544474

Littlewood, B. ORCID: 0000-0002-6397-8685 & Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866 (2022). Letter to the Editor: A Critical Response to a Recent Paper by Daniels and Tudor. Safety-Critical Systems eJournal, 1(2),

Bishop, P. G. ORCID: 0000-0003-3307-5159, Povyakalo, A. A. ORCID: 0000-0002-4068-422X & Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866 (2021). Bootstrapping confidence in future safety based on past safe operation. .

Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866 & Huang, F. (2021). HEDP: A Method for Early Forecasting Software Defects based on Human Error Mechanisms. .

Salako, K. ORCID: 0000-0003-0394-7833, Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866 & Zhao, X. (2021). Conservative Confidence Bounds in Safety, from Generalised Claims of Improvement & Statistical Evidence. In: 2021 51st Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN). The 51st Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, 21-24 Jun 2021, Taipei, Taiwan. doi: 10.1109/DSN48987.2021.00055

Gadala, M., Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866 & Ayton, P. (2021). Improving Human Decisions by Adjusting the Alerting Thresholds for Computer Alerting Tools According to User and Task Characteristics. .

Salako, K. ORCID: 0000-0003-0394-7833, Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866 & Zhao, X. (2021). Proofs of Conservative Confidence Bounds on PFD, Using Claims of Improved Reliability. London, UK: Centre for Software Reliability, City, University of London.

Zhao, X., Salako, K. ORCID: 0000-0003-0394-7833, Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866 , Robu, V. & Flynn, D.view all authors (2020). Assessing Safety-Critical Systems from Operational Testing: A Study on Autonomous Vehicles. Information and Software Technology, 128, article number 106393. doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2020.106393

Littlewood, B. ORCID: 0000-0002-6397-8685, Salako, K. ORCID: 0000-0003-0394-7833, Strigini, L. & Zhao, X.view all authors (2020). On Reliability Assessment When a Software-based System Is Replaced by a Thought-to-be-Better One. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 197, article number 106752. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2019.106752

Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866 & Gadala, M. ORCID: 0000-0002-9148-6522 (2020). Human Factors Standards and the Hard Human Factor Problems: Observations on Medical Usability Standards. In: Cabitza, F., Fred, A. & Gamboa, H. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 13th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies. HEALTHINF 2020 - 13th International Conference on Health Informatics, 24-26 Feb 2020, Valletta, Malta.

Zhao, X., Robu, V., Flynn, D. , Salako, K. ORCID: 0000-0003-0394-7833 & Strigini, L.view all authors (2020). Assessing the Safety and Reliability of Autonomous Vehicles from Road Testing. In: 2019 IEEE 30th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE). ISSRE 2019 - the 20th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering, 28 - 31 October 2019, Berlin, Germany. doi: 10.1109/ISSRE.2019.00012

Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866 (2019). Ensuring and demonstrating diverse quality attributes of complex systems: problems of models and cultures. Keynote Paper presented at the GAUSS 2019, 28-31 Oct 2019, Berlin, Germany.

Favaro, J., Mazzini, S., Popov, P. T. ORCID: 0000-0002-3434-5272 & Strigini, L.view all authors (2018). AQUAS: A project to bridge the gaps between safety and security processes. Ada User Journal, 39(4), pp. 261-263.

Huang, F. & Strigini, L. (2018). Predicting Software Defects Based on Cognitive Error Theories. In: 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW). 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW), 15-18 Oct 2018, Memphis, USA. doi: 10.1109/issrew.2018.00-16

Zhao, X. ORCID: 0000-0002-3474-349X, Littlewood, B., Povyakalo, A. A. , Strigini, L. & Wright, D.view all authors (2018). Conservative Claims for the Probability of Perfection of a Software-based System Using Operational Experience of Previous Similar Systems. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 175, pp. 265-282. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2018.03.032

Zhao, X., Littlewood, B., Povyakalo, A. A. , Strigini, L. & Wright, D.view all authors (2017). Modeling the probability of failure on demand (pfd) of a 1-out-of-2 system in which one channel is “quasi-perfect”. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 158, pp. 230-245. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2016.09.002

Gashi, I., Povyakalo, A. A. & Strigini, L. (2016). Diversity, Safety and Security in Embedded Systems: modelling adversary effort and supply chain risks. In: 2016 12th European Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC). Proceedings of the 12th European Dependable Computing Conference, 5th - 9th September 2016, Gothenburg, Sweden. doi: 10.1109/EDCC.2016.27

Bishop, P. G., Bloomfield, R. E., Littlewood, B. , Popov, P. T., Povyakalo, A. A. & Strigini, L.view all authors (2014). A conservative bound for the probability of failure of a 1-out-of-2 protection system with one hardware-only and one software-based protection train. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 130, pp. 61-68. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2014.04.002

Bishop, P. G. & Strigini, L. (2014). Estimating Worst Case Failure Dependency with Partial Knowledge of the Difficulty Function. In: Bondavalli, A & Di Giandomenico, F (Eds.), LNCS Computer Safety Reliability and Security. 33rd International Conference, SAFECOMP 2014, 10-09-2014 - 12-09-2014, Florence, Italy. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-10506-1

Rushby, J., Littlewood, B. & Strigini, L. (2014). Evaluating the Assessment of Software Fault-Freeness. Paper presented at the AESSCS 2014, 13-05-2015, Newcastle upon Tyne.

Strigini, L. & Wright, D. (2014). Bounds on survival probability given mean probability of failure per demand; And the paradoxical advantages of uncertainty. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 128, pp. 66-83. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2014.02.004

Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866 (2014). Assessment techniques, certification and [what else we need for] confidence in software. Keynote Paper presented at the WoSoCer 2014, 3-6 Nov 2014, Naples, Italy.

Gashi, I., Povyakalo, A. A., Strigini, L. , Matschnig, M, Hinterstoisser, T & Fischer, Bview all authors (2014). Diversity for Safety and Security in Embedded Systems. Paper presented at the IEEE International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, 23-06-2014 - 26-06-2014, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Bishop, P. G. & Strigini, L. (2014). Estimating worst case failure dependency with partial knowledge of the difficulty function. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 8666, pp. 186-201. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-10506-2_13

Popov, P. T., Povyakalo, A. A., Stankovic, V. & Strigini, L.view all authors (2014). Software diversity as a measure for reducing development risk. Paper presented at the Tenth European Dependable Computing Conference - EDCC 2014, 13 - 16 May 2014, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

Povyakalo, A. A., Alberdi, E., Strigini, L. & Ayton, P.view all authors (2013). How to discriminate between computer-aided and computer-hindered decisions: a case study in mammography. Medical Decision Making, 33(1), pp. 98-107. doi: 10.1177/0272989x12465490

Wright, D. & Strigini, L. (2013). Bounds on survival probability given mean probability of failure per demand; and the paradoxical advantages of uncertainty. London: City University London.

Strigini, L. & Povyakalo, A. A. (2013). Software fault-freeness and reliability predictions. In: Bitsch, F., Guiochet, J. & Kaaniche, M. (Eds.), Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security. SAFECOMP 2013. SAFECOMP 2013, 32nd International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability and Security, 24 - 27 September 2013, Toulouse, France.

Salako, K. ORCID: 0000-0003-0394-7833 & Strigini, L. (2013). When does "diversity" in development reduce common failures? Insights from probabilistic modelling. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 11(2), pp. 193-206. doi: 10.1109/tdsc.2013.32

Popov, P. T., Stankovic, V. & Strigini, L. (2012). An Empirical Study of the Effectiveness of 'Forcing Diversity' Based on a Large Population of Diverse Programs. Paper presented at the ISSRE 2012, International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering, 27 - 30 November 2012, Dallas, Texas, USA.

Strigini, L., Bloomfield, R. E., Paulitsch, M. & Reiger, R.view all authors (2012). Evidence-Based Security in Aerospace. From Safety to Security and Back Again. Paper presented at the 23rd International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE 2012), Fast Abstracts Track, 26 - 29 Nov 2012, Dallas, Texas, USA.

Strigini, L. (2012). Fault tolerance and resilience: meanings, measures and assessment. In: Wolter, K., Avritzer, A., Vieira, M. & van Moorsel, A.view all authors (Eds.), Resilience Assessment and Evaluation of Computing Systems. . Berlin, Germany: Springer.

Littlewood, B. & Strigini, L. (2011). "Validation of ultra-high dependability…" – 20 years on. Safety Systems, the Newsletter of the Safety-Critical Systems Club, 30(3),

Popov, P. T. & Strigini, L. (2010). Assessing Asymmetric Fault-Tolerant Software. In: ISSRE. Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE), 2010 IEEE 21st International Symposium on, 1 - 4 Nov 2010, San Jose, California. doi: 10.1109/ISSRE.2010.10

Stankovic, V. & Strigini, L. (2009). A survey on online monitoring approaches of computer-based systems. London, UK: Centre for Software Reliability, City University London.

Alberdi, E., Strigini, L., Leach, K. , Ryan, P., Palanque, P. & Winckler, M.view all authors (2009). Gaining assurance in a voter-verifiable voting system. In: Proceedings - 2009 2nd International Conference on Dependability, DEPEND 2009. 2009 Second International Conference on Dependability, 18 - 23 Jun 2009, Athens, Greece.

Alberdi, E., Strigini, L., Povyakalo, A. A. & Ayton, P.view all authors (2009). Why Are People's Decisions Sometimes Worse with Computer Support?. COMPUTER SAFETY, RELIABILITY, AND SECURITY, PROCEEDINGS, 5775, pp. 18-31. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-04468-7_3

Alberdi, E., Povyakalo, A. A., Strigini, L. , Ayton, P. & Given-Wilson, R. M.view all authors (2008). CAD in mammography: lesion-level versus case-level analysis of the effects of prompts on human decisions. International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, 3(1-2), pp. 115-122. doi: 10.1007/s11548-008-0213-x

Strigini, L. ORCID: 0000-0002-4246-2866 (2007). Achieving effective diversity between redundant software-based components. In: 6th International Conference on Control and Instrumentation in Nuclear Installations. 6th International Conference on Control and Instrumentation in Nuclear Installations, 11-13 Sep 2007, Manchester, UK.

Gashi, I., Popov, P. T. & Strigini, L. (2007). Fault tolerance via diversity for off-the-shelf products: A study with SQL database servers. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 4(4), pp. 280-294. doi: 10.1109/tdsc.2007.70208

Strigini, L. (2005). Fault Tolerance Against Design Faults. In: Diab, H. & Zomaya, A. (Eds.), Dependable Computing Systems: Paradigms, Performance Issues, and Applications. (pp. 213-241). John Wiley & Sons.

van der Meulen, M., Strigini, L. & Revilla, M. A. (2005). On the effectiveness of run-time checks. Computer Safety, Reliability and Security, 3688, pp. 151-164. doi: 10.1007/11563228_12

van der Meulen, M., Riddle, S., Strigini, L. & Jefferson, N.view all authors (2005). Protective wrapping of off-the-shelf components. COTS-based Software Systems, 3412, pp. 168-177. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-30587-3_27

Alberdi, E., Povyakalo, A. A., Strigini, L. , Ayton, P., Hartswood, M., Procter, R. & Slack, R.view all authors (2005). Use of computer-aided detection (CAD) tools in screening mammography: a multidisciplinary investigation. British Journal of Radiology, 78(suppl_), S31-S40. doi: 10.1259/bjr/37646417

Alberdi, E., Povyakalo, A. A., Strigini, L. & Ayton, P.view all authors (2004). Effects of incorrect computer-aided detection (CAD) output on human decision-making in mammography. Academic Radiology, 11(8), pp. 909-918. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2004.05.012

Gashi, I., Popov, P. T. & Strigini, L. (2004). Fault diversity among off-the-shelf SQL database servers. In: 2004 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEPENDABLE SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS, PROCEEDINGS. International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, 28 Jun - 1 Jul 2004

Strigini, L. (2004). Formalism and judgement in assurance cases. Paper presented at the Workshop on Assurance Cases: Best Practices, Possible Obstacles, and Future Opportunities, held at International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN 2004), Jun 2004, Florence, Italy.

Gashi, I., Popov, P. T., Stankovic, V. & Strigini, L.view all authors (2004). On designing dependable services with diverse off-the-shelf SQL servers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3069, pp. 191-214. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-25939-8_9

Littlewood, B. & Strigini, L. (2004). Redundancy and diversity in security. In: Samarati, P, Ryan, P, Gollmann, D & Molva, Rview all authors (Eds.), COMPUTER SECURITY ESORICS 2004, PROCEEDINGS. 9th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, Sept 2004, Sophia Antipolis, France.

Littlewood, B., Bloomfield, R. E., Popov, P. T. , Povyakalo, A. A. & Strigini, L.view all authors (2004). The impact of "difficulty" variation on the probability of coincident failure of diverse systems. Paper presented at the International Conference on Control and Instrumentation in Nuclear Installations, 2004, Liverpool, UK.

Strigini, L., Povyakalo, A. A. & Alberdi, E. (2003). Human-machine diversity in the use of computerised advisory systems: a case study. In: Martin, D (Ed.), 2003 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEPENDABLE SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS, PROCEEDINGS. International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN'03), 22 - 25 Jun 2003, San Francisco, California.

Strigini, L., Bosio, D., Littlewood, B. & Newby, M. J.view all authors (2002). Advantages of open source processes for reliability: clarifying the issues. Paper presented at the Workshop on Open Source Software Development, Feb 2002, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

Littlewood, B., Popov, P. T. & Strigini, L. (2002). Assessing the reliability of diverse fault-tolerant software-based systems. Safety Science, 40(9), pp. 781-796. doi: 10.1016/s0925-7535(01)00084-4

Bloomfield, R. E., Courtois, P.-J., Littlewood, B. , Strigini, L., Yih, S. & Fan, C.-F.view all authors (2002). Search for the Unnecessary: Letter to the Editor. Nuclear Engineering International, 47(570), 11-.

Littlewood, B., Popov, P. T. & Strigini, L. (2001). Design diversity: an update from research on reliability modelling. In: Redmill, F & Anderson, T (Eds.), ASPECTS OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT. 9th Safety-critical Systems Symposium, 2001, Bristol, UK.

Littlewood, B., Popov, P. T. & Strigini, L. (2001). Modeling software design diversity. ACM Computer Surveys, 33(2), pp. 177-208. doi: 10.1145/384192.384195

Popov, P. T., Strigini, L., Riddle, S. & Romanovsky, A.view all authors (2001). On Systematic Design of Protectors for Employing OTS Items. Euromicro Conference, 2001. Proceedings. 27th, 2001, pp. 22-29. doi: 10.1109/EURMIC.2001.952434

Popov, P. T. & Strigini, L. (2001). The reliability of diverse systems: a contribution using modelling of the fault creation process. In: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEPENDABLE SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS, PROCEEDINGS. International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, 1 - 4 Jul 2001, Goteborg, Sweden.

Strigini, L., Popov, P. T. & Littlewood, B. (2000). Assessing the Reliability of Diverse Fault-Tolerant Systems. Paper presented at the INucE International Conference on Control and Instrumentation in Nuclear Installations, Bristol, UK.

Strigini, L., Popov, P. T. & Romanovsky, A. (2000). Diversity for off-the-shelf components. Paper presented at the International Conference on Dependable Systems & Networks (FTCS-30, DCCA-8), New York, NY, USA.

Littlewood, B., Popov, P. T., Strigini, L. & Shryane, N.view all authors (2000). Modeling the effects of combining diverse software fault detection techniques. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 26(12), pp. 1157-1167. doi: 10.1109/32.888629

Littlewood, B. & Strigini, L. (2000). Software reliability and dependability: a roadmap. In: Finkelstein, A (Ed.), The Future of Software Engineering. State of the Art Reports given at the 22nd Int. Conf. on Software Engineering. (pp. 177-188). ACM Press. doi: 10.1145/336512.336551

Strigini, L. & Littlewood, B. (2000). A discussion of practices for enhancing diversity in software designs. London, UK: Centre for Software Reliability, City University London.

Popov, P. T., Strigini, L. & Romanovsky, A. (1999). Choosing effective methods for design diversity - How to progress from intuition to science. In: Felici, M, Kanoun, K & Pasquini, A (Eds.), COMPUTER SAFETY, RELIABILITY AND SECURITY. SAFECOMP '99 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer Computer Safety, Reliability and Security, 1999

Littlewood, B., Popov, P. T. & Strigini, L. (1999). A note on reliability estimation of functionally diverse systems. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 66(1), pp. 93-95. doi: 10.1016/s0951-8320(99)00014-9

Bertolino, A. & Strigini, L. (1998). Assessing the Risk due to Software Faults: Estimates of Failure Rate versus Evidence of Perfection.. Software Testing, Verification and Reliability, 8(3), pp. 155-166. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1689(1998090)8:3<155::AID-STVR163>3.0.CO;2-B

Pizza, M. & Strigini, L. (1998). Comparing the effectiveness of testing methods in improving programs: the effect of variations in program quality. In: NINTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOFTWARE RELIABILITY ENGINEERING, PROCEEDINGS. The Ninth International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering, 4 - 7 Nov 1998, Paderborn, Germany.

Frankl, P. G., Hamlet, R. G., Littlewood, B. & Strigini, L.view all authors (1998). Evaluating testing methods by delivered reliability. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 24(8), pp. 586-601. doi: 10.1109/32.707695

Littlewood, B., Strigini, L., Wright, D. & Courtois, P.-J.view all authors (1998). Examination of Bayesian belief network for safety assessment of nuclear computer-based systems (70). Brussels: DeVa ESPRIT Long Term Research Project.

Strigini, L., Delic, K. A. & Mazzanti, F. (1998). Formalising Engineering Judgement on Software Dependability via Belief Networks. In: Dependable Computing for Critical Applications (DCCA-6). Sixth IFIP International Working Conference "Can We Rely on Computers?", Mar 1997, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.

Pizza, M., Strigini, L., Bondavalli, A. & Di Giandomenico, F.view all authors (1998). Optimal discrimination between transient and permanent faults. In: THIRD IEEE INTERNATIONAL HIGH-ASSURANCE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS. High-Assurance Systems Engineering Symposium, 13 - 14 Nov 1998, Washington DC, USA.

Fenton, N., Littlewood, B., Neil, M. , Strigini, L., Wright, D. R. & Courtois, P.-J.view all authors (1997). Bayesian belief network model for the safety assessment of nuclear computer-based systems (52). Brussels: DeVa ESPRIT Long Term Research Project.

Frankl, P. G., Hamlet, D., Littlewood, B. & Strigini, L.view all authors (1997). Choosing a testing method to deliver reliability. In: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1997 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING. Software Engineering

Strigini, L. & Littlewood, B. (1997). Guidelines for Statistical Testing (PASCON/WO6-CCN2/TN12). ESA/ESTEC project PASCON.

Strigini, L. & Bertolino, A. (1996). Acceptance Criteria for Critical Software Based on Testability Estimates and Test Results. In: Lecture notes in computer science. (pp. 83-94). Springer.

Strigini, L. (1996). Engineering judgement in reliability and safety and its limits: what can we learn from research in psychology?. .

Bertolino, A. & Strigini, L. (1996). On the use of testability measures for dependability assessment. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 22(2), pp. 97-108. doi: 10.1109/32.485220

Strigini, L. & Fenton, N. (1996). Rigorously assessing software reliability and safety. In: European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA SP. Product Assurance Symposium and Software Product Assurance Workshop, 19-21 Mar 1996, ESTEC, Noordwijk, the Netherlands.

Littlewood, B. & Strigini, L. (1993). Validation of Ultrahigh Dependability for Software-Based Systems. Communications of the ACM (CACM), 36(11), pp. 69-80. doi: 10.1145/163359.163373