City Research Online

Abstract

Background
Mindfulness can positively impact physical and mental health, but face-to-face programmes are limited by poor accessibility, availability and cost. Virtual reality (VR) offers immersive audiovisual environments that could improve mindfulness practice.

Objectives
To evaluate commercially available VR apps related to mindfulness.

Methods
App stores and relevant online platforms were searched for VR apps related to mindfulness. Results were screened against eligibility criteria and relevant data extracted. Six raters used the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) to assess the quality of VR apps.

Results
Five VR apps related to mindfulness were included, that is, Headspace XR, Hoame, Innerworld, Maloka and TRIPP. These provided access to meditative and mindfulness sessions, guided by virtual instructors in some cases and situated in a range of virtual landscapes accompanied by sound or music. TRIPP received the highest average MARS score (4.1), followed by Hoame (3.8), Maloka (3.6), Headspace XR (3.4) and Innerworld (3.3). Most VR apps scored the highest on functionality (3.4–4.2), while the information category scored the lowest (3.1–3.7). The intraclass correlation was moderate.

Conclusion
This review provides important insights into VR apps related to mindfulness such as their availability and quality. Only five VR apps were identified related to mindfulness practice with an overall moderate MARS quality score (3.62/5.00). These may provide a convenient and immersive way to access and engage in regular mindfulness practice, particularly for novices. Rigorous scientific research should assess the effectiveness of these VR apps in improving physical and mental health through immersive digital mindfulness practice.

Publication Type:	Article
Additional Information:	© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.
Publisher Keywords:	Consumer health informatics, Medical Informatics Applications, Virtual Reality, Mindfulness, Humans, Virtual Reality, Mobile Applications
Subjects:	R Medicine > RT Nursing T Technology > T Technology (General)
Departments:	School of Health & Medical Sciences School of Health & Medical Sciences > Department of Psychology & Neuroscience
SWORD Depositor:	Symplectic Administrator

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