City Research Online

Abstract

Eye tracking provides a unique perspective on the inherently visual discourse between visualization systems and their users, and has recently become sufficiently precise and affordable to be integrated as regular input into workstations and virtual or augmented reality headsets alike. As such, real-time eye tracking can now contribute significantly toward the development of gaze-aware visualizations that infer and monitor users’ needs to actively support their activities. To facilitate such systems we make three contributions. First, we structure and discuss design considerations for gaze-aware visualizations along four axes: measurable data; inferable data; opportunities for support; and limiting factors to beware. Second, we distill visualization research challenges that preclude such systems. Finally, we show via three usage scenarios how to apply these design considerations to imagine how existing systems can benefit from real-time eye tracking. We combined a structured literature analysis, a consideration of suitable places for eye-tracking integration in the typical visualization ecosystem, and design space modeling. Eye tracking has significant potential to improve the interactive visual analysis of data across many visualization domains. Our paper attempts to provide a comprehensive, general survey and conceptual discussion in this promising field, outlining the state-of-the-art and future research opportunities

Publication Type:	Article
Additional Information:	© 2025 The Author(s). Computer Graphics Forum published by Eurographics - The European Association for Computer Graphics and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Publisher Keywords:	interaction, information visualisation, multimodal interaction, visualisation, visual analytics
Subjects:	H Social Sciences > HM Sociology Q Science > QA Mathematics > QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science R Medicine > RE Ophthalmology
Departments:	School of Science & Technology School of Science & Technology > Computer Science School of Science & Technology > Computer Science > giCentre
SWORD Depositor:	Symplectic Administrator

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