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Abstract

Background
Frailty is common in later life and can lead to adverse health outcomes. Services aimed at preventing decline in early stages of frailty may support older people to remain independent for longer. We developed and tested a new service, HomeHealth, in a randomised controlled trial. HomeHealth was a multidomain behaviour change service based in the voluntary sector in England targeting mobility, socialising, nutrition and psychological well-being.

Objective
To describe the population reach, fidelity, acceptability, context and mechanisms of impact of the HomeHealth service.

Design and methods
Mixed-methods process evaluation of a randomised trial.

Setting and participants
HomeHealth trial participants (older people aged 65+ years with mild frailty) and service providers.

Data sources and analysis
Population reach was evaluated through comparison to local census data. Fidelity of audio-recorded appointments was assessed by two independent raters using a structured checklist. Using data from appointments attended, types of goals set and progress towards goals, we described appointment characteristics, goals and signposting, and evaluated three mechanisms of impact: (1) effect of appointment attendance on independence, (2) effect of goal progress on independence and (3) whether selecting a particular goal type led to improvements in the corresponding intermediate outcome. We thematically analysed qualitative interviews with 49 older people, 7 HomeHealth workers and 8 stakeholders to explore acceptability and context.

Results
HomeHealth participants were similar with regards to deprivation, education and housing status to the local older population but with lower rates of minority ethnic groups. HomeHealth was delivered with good fidelity (81.7%) in voluntary sector organisations. Appointments were well attended (mean 5.33 out of the 6 intended), but attendance was not associated with better independence scores at 12 months [mean difference 1.29 (−8.20 to 10.78)]. Participants varied in progress towards goals within appointments (mean progress 1.15/2.00), but greater goal progress was not associated with improved independence scores at 12 months [mean difference −0.40 (−2.38 to 1.58)]. Mobility goals were most frequently selected (49%), but type of goal had no impact on independence and little impact on intermediate outcomes. Forty-one per cent were signposted or referred to other supportive services, with ongoing support where needed throughout this process. Qualitative data indicated that HomeHealth was acceptable, empowering for those who saw a need for change and fitted well within host voluntary sector organisations.

Limitations
Census data were only available for all adults aged over 65 in local areas rather than a mildly frail population, who are likely to be older, female and less diverse, and therefore population reach calculations may be less accurate. Goal progress was assessed using a simple scale rather than a validated instrument.

Conclusions
HomeHealth represents an acceptable and implementable intervention for older people with mild frailty but may work via different mechanisms than those intended.

Future work
Future work should explore how to best screen older people with mild frailty for readiness to change to maximise benefits from similar services and identify other possible mechanisms of effects.

Funding
This article presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme as award number NIHR128334.

Publication Type:	Article
Additional Information:	Copyright © 2025 Frost et al. This work was produced by Frost et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. This is an Open Access publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0 licence, which permits DOI: 10.3310/MBCV1794 Health Technology Assessment 2025 NIHR Journals Library www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. For attribution the title, original author(s), the publication source – NIHR Journals Library, and the DOI of the publication must be cited.
Subjects:	R Medicine > RC Internal medicine
Departments:	School of Health & Medical Sciences School of Health & Medical Sciences > Nursing
SWORD Depositor:	Symplectic Administrator

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