City Research Online

Abstract

Objective: Adrenal crisis is a life-threatening complication that requires urgent administration of parenteral hydrocortisone. Current patient education interventions remain ineffective, contributing to preventable hospitalisations and deaths. This study explored the lived experiences of individuals with adrenal insufficiency, focusing on the factors influencing self-management during adrenal crises.

Methods: This qualitative study employed online semi-structured interviews with adults with adrenal insufficiency who had experienced at least one adrenal crisis in the past three years. Participants were recruited via patient advocacy groups in the United Kingdom. Data were analysed using an inductive thematic approach, allowing themes to emerge directly from the data without imposing predetermined categories.

Results: Twelve themes, grouped into four overarching domains, captured individual experiences of managing adrenal crises: 1) Knowledge and Experience, 2) Tools and Training, 3) Psychological and Emotional Impact, and 4) Support and Dependence on Others. Participants reported challenges including delayed diagnosis, difficulties recognising adrenal crisis symptoms, and the complexity of the hydrocortisone injection process. However, prior experiences of adrenal crises, patient education, and advocacy resources fostered greater confidence in self-management. Participants highlighted the need for simplified injection devices, clearer stress dosing guidelines, improved training for healthcare professionals, and increased public awareness.

Conclusion: Findings from this qualitative study emphasise that effective adrenal crisis management requires patient-centred, evidence-based interventions focusing on education, healthcare professional training, and public awareness. Simplified hydrocortisone delivery devices and systemic reforms are crucial to supporting self-management and minimising preventable hospitalisations and fatalities caused by adrenal crises.

Plain language summary: People with adrenal insufficiency face life-threatening emergencies called adrenal crises, which need urgent treatment with hydrocortisone injections. In this study, 12 people shared their struggles, including complex injection procedures, severe symptoms which made self-injection challenging and limited support to manage these crises effectively. Simpler injection devices, better information and improved training for healthcare staff could help people self-manage their condition better, prevent avoidable hospital admissions and save lives.

Publication Type:	Article
Publisher Keywords:	adrenal insufficiency; adrenal crisis; self-management; hydrocortisone injection; parenteral glucocorticoid therapy; sick day rules; stress dosing
Subjects:	R Medicine > RC Internal medicine R Medicine > RT Nursing
Departments:	School of Health & Medical Sciences School of Health & Medical Sciences > Healthcare Services Research & Management School of Health & Medical Sciences > Nursing
SWORD Depositor:	Symplectic Administrator

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