City Research Online

Abstract

Layer-2 protocols such as rollups can help address Ethereum’s throughput limits. An efficient data availability layer is key for layer-2 support in Ethereum, but broadcast methods do not scale. A promising approach is the selective distribution of layer-2 data and its verification by data availability sampling (DAS). Integrating DAS with Ethereum consensus is, however, a challenge, as data must be shared and sampled within 4 seconds of each consensus slot. We propose PANDAS, a practical approach to integrating DAS with Ethereum without modifying Ethereum’s core protocols. PANDAS disseminates layer-2 data and samples its availability using lightweight, direct exchanges. Its design accounts for message loss, node failures, and unresponsive participants. Our evaluation in a 1,000-node cluster and simulations for up to 20,000 peers show that PANDAS allows layer-2 data dissemination and sampling under planetary-scale latencies within the 4-second deadline.

Publication Type:	Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)
Additional Information:	This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. © 2025 Copyright held by the owner/author(s)
Publisher Keywords:	Ethereum, Data Availability Sampling, Peer-to-peer, Performance
Subjects:	H Social Sciences > HG Finance H Social Sciences > HN Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform Q Science > QA Mathematics > QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science
Departments:	School of Science & Technology School of Science & Technology > Department of Computer Science School of Science & Technology > Department of Computer Science > Software Reliability
SWORD Depositor:	Symplectic Administrator

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