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Abstract

Introduction
Despite advances in maternity care, stillbirth remains a major burden. It disproportionately affects black and Asian mothers, those with obesity and women over the age of 35 years. Induction of labour may benefit these women, but there is no clear evidence to guide recommendations on optimal timing of induction because of variations in the intervention and insufficient power in primary trials for rare outcomes such as stillbirth and perinatal mortality, or to assess whether effects differ by maternal characteristics. We will conduct an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis of randomised trials to assess the overall and differential effect of induction of labour, according to timing of induction and maternal characteristics, on adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes. We will also rank induction of labour timing strategies by their effectiveness to inform clinical and policy decision-making.

Methods and analysis
We will identify randomised trials on induction of labour by searching MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, BIOSIS, LILACS, Pascal, SCI, CDSR, ClinicalTrials.gov, ICTRP, ISRCTN registry, CENTRAL, DARE and Health Technology Assessment Database, without language restrictions, from inception to June 2025. Primary researchers of identified trials will be invited to join the OPTIMAL Collaboration and share the original trial data. Data integrity and trustworthiness assessment will be performed on all eligible trials. We will check each study’s IPD for consistency with the original authors before standardising and harmonising the data. Study quality of included trials will be assessed by the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. We will perform a series of one-and-two-stage random-effects meta-analyses to obtain the summary intervention effect on composite adverse perinatal outcome (stillbirth, neonatal death or severe morbidity requiring admission to neonatal unit) with 95% CIs and summary treatment–covariate interactions (maternal age, ethnicity, parity, socioeconomic status, body mass index and method of conception). Heterogeneity will be summarised using tau and 95% prediction intervals for effect in a new study. Sensitivity analysis to explore robustness of statistical and clinical assumptions will be carried out. Small study effects (potential publication bias) will be investigated using funnel plots.

Ethics and dissemination
The study is registered on PROSPERO (CRD420251066346) and ethics approval is not required. We will disseminate findings widely to women, healthcare professionals and policymakers through academic, professional bodies and social media channels, and in peer-reviewed journals to achieve impact.

Publication Type:	Article
Additional Information:	This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Subjects:	R Medicine > RG Gynecology and obstetrics
Departments:	School of Health & Medical Sciences School of Health & Medical Sciences > Department of Nursing & Midwifery
SWORD Depositor:	Symplectic Administrator

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