City Research Online

Abstract

The rise in energy demand of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is an increasing burden on the grid. Solutions proposed to reduce grid load, for example, storing surplus energy from EVs, are costly and do not address associated challenges such as communication reliability and the optimum number of charging stations. This paper proposes an optimized energy management by availing supply from EVs and renewable resources for achieving net zero. We consider that EVs sell their surplus energy via bidirectional Vehicle-to-Grid exchange. Demand and supply from EVs and energy output from renewables are intelligently predicted and shared with the grid through a 5G communication network. A cost minimization solution alters grid supply according to available EV supply. This paper analyzes the upper bounds of EV demand and supply, utilizes game theory to incentivize EVs, and discusses the optimum number of charging stations. Results show that the proposed solution reduces 38.21% of the grid load and 5.3% cost.

Publication Type:	Article
Additional Information:	© 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.
Publisher Keywords:	EV; prosumerism; energy management
Subjects:	H Social Sciences > HF Commerce Q Science > QC Physics T Technology > T Technology (General) T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering T Technology > TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics
Departments:	School of Science & Technology School of Science & Technology > Department of Computer Science
SWORD Depositor:	Symplectic Administrator

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