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Abstract

The development and operation of solar and wind renewable energy systems depend on the use of critical metals, including copper. While the unique properties of copper make it irreplaceable in the renewable energy technologies, the scarcity of copper raises environmental concerns. Copper extraction, processing and transportation have a significant impact on the local and global environment. This study comprehensively assesses the environmental impacts of copper usage in renewable energy systems, using the cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA). The results of the assessment show that solar energy system generates a larger impact in all 18 categories considered in the study except in the mineral resources scarcity. Furthermore, the study identifies and quantifies the potential of the transition from non-renewable energy sources (such as natural gas) to renewable energy to neutralize the global warming potential (GWP) contributed by copper. Results show that offshore wind requires a transition of 0.86% to 2.63%, while solar requires a more substantial 10.12% to 15.65% replacement to reach GWP neutralization. This suggests that initiating renewable energy deployment with small offshore wind projects, due to their lower replacement percentages, can be defined as a strategic entry point in energy policy development concerning the environmental impact of copper.

Publication Type:	Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)
Additional Information:	This paper has been presented at the International Conference on Energy and Environment ICEE 2024: https://icee2024.dps.uminho.pt.
Publisher Keywords:	Life cycle assessment, sustainable copper utilization, renewable energy
Subjects:	G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GE Environmental Sciences T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
Departments:	School of Science & Technology School of Science & Technology > Engineering
SWORD Depositor:	Symplectic Administrator

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