City Research Online

Abstract

Due to diminishing ice shelves in the Arctic, no doubt caused by climate change, previously unnavigable marine spaces are opening up, which in turn may provide new maritime routes. The shipping and maritime industry may capitalise on these routes more in the future as they provide shorter sailing times, and may assist with increasing oil and gas exploration and extraction in the region. However, increased maritime expansion in the Arctic comes with a number of unique risks and hazards for the insured and insurer. This opinion therefore seeks to discuss the implications of the multitude of risks that are associated with Arctic shipping from a marine insurance perspective and to highlight some of the gaps in existing regulatory frameworks. It is argued that marine insurers require improved data and risk management methodologies in order to better calculate the premiums of Hull & Machinery (H&M) and Protection & Indemnity (P&I) insurance policies for ships travelling through the Arctic. Until such time as these risks can be adequately assessed, evaluated, and managed by insurers; which of course is extremely difficult, due to the extreme environment, the unpredictability of climate change, a lack of key data, and the complexity of the various scenarios that can unfold in the Arctic environment, the practical viability of Arctic shipping remains doubtful. To date, insurers have paid out more in ship damage that has occurred in the Arctic than they have collected in premiums, which in itself is problematic. This situation may change in the future if Arctic shipping grows, and if it does the insurance market will no doubt, need to respond.

Publication Type:	Article
Additional Information:	© The Author(s) 2024. Reuse is restricted to non-commercial and no derivative uses.
Publisher Keywords:	Arctic, Arctic governance, ice-melt, ice-shelves, ice-bergs, glaciology, climate change, maritime shipping, polar shipping, Arctic shipping, commercial shipping, ice-class vessels, northern sea route, Russia, marine insurance, Polar Code, Hull & Machinery insurance policy, Protection & Indemnity insurance policy ,risk, risk evaluation, risk management, insurers, underwriters
Subjects:	G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GE Environmental Sciences H Social Sciences > HF Commerce H Social Sciences > HG Finance K Law > K Law (General)
Departments:	The City Law School The City Law School > Academic Programmes
SWORD Depositor:	Symplectic Administrator

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