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Abstract

The Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) is one of the short-term measures introduced by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from shipping. This policy brief reviews the measure and provides improvement recommendations, focusing on how emission standards at sea and at port should be dealt with.

Key Highlights:

CII is currently insufficient for capturing emissions accurately at sea and at port and incentivising emission reduction
A range of revision options could be considered such as excluding port emissions, adjustments for time at port, or separate metrics for at sea and at port
Other areas that could be considered include allowance for actual cargo, well- to-wake emissions, and pilot fuel

Recommended revision for CII is to use separate metrics for at sea and at port emissions.

This policy briefing is based on research undertaken by Dr Ioannis Moutzouris, Dr Yao Shi, and Dr Claire Copeland.

Publication Type:	Report
Additional Information:	© The UK National Clean Maritime Research Hub 2026
Subjects:	G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GE Environmental Sciences H Social Sciences > HD Industries. Land use. Labor V Naval Science > VM Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering
Departments:	Bayes Business School Bayes Business School > Faculty of Finance
Related URLs:	Author
SWORD Depositor:	Symplectic Administrator

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