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Abstract

Background: As agriculture uses a substantial proportion of the world’s habitable land, it is important to consider how the food we eat, and different dietary patterns, impact the pressures put on land.

Aim: This scoping review aims to 1. explore the approaches to measuring potential land use impacts of aligning diets or the food supply with national dietary guidelines, 2. summarise the additional environmental factors included in these studies, and specifically how often biodiversity is included, 3. identify policy recommendations made.

Method: The Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review framework was used to identify studies measuring potential land use changes of shifting national diets or the food supply towards national dietary guidelines. Only official national dietary guidelines were included. Due to heterogeneity in how dietary and environmental impacts were calculated, results are represented in terms of increases and decreases, rather than average percentage change.

Results: Of the forty-five papers included, only 4 measured biodiversity impacts, compared to 35 measuring greenhouse gas emissions, 24 water, and 10 fertiliser use. Most studies used life cycle assessment (LCA) to measure the potential land use and environmental impacts. All studies found an increase in fruit and vegetables would be needed to meet dietary guidelines, and all but two found a reduction in meat is required. Papers mostly reported reduction in resource in land use and greenhouse gas emissions (27/45 and 22/35 papers, respectively). Impacts on water, energy and biodiversity, which were less frequently included, were more mixed. Over half of the papers included policy recommendations (n=28), with the most being to incorporate sustainability into dietary guidelines.
Conclusion: A wider range of environmental outcomes should be included when assessing the environmental sustainability of dietary changes to get a more holistic view of the potential trade-offs and co-benefits that need to be navigated with these dietary shifts. 

Publication Type:	Article
Additional Information:	© 2026 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. As the Version of Record of this article is going to be / has been published on a gold open access basis under a CC BY 4.0 licence, this Accepted Manuscript is available for reuse under a CC BY 4.0 licence immediately. Everyone is permitted to use all or part of the original content in this article, provided that they adhere to all the terms of the licence https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0 Although reasonable endeavours have been taken to obtain all necessary permissions from third parties to include their copyrighted content within this article, their full citation and copyright line may not be present in this Accepted Manuscript version. Before using any content from this article, please refer to the Version of Record on IOPscience once published for full citation and copyright details, as permissions may be required. All third party content is fully copyright protected and is not published on a gold open access basis under a CC BY licence, unless that is specifically stated in the figure caption in the Version of Record
Publisher Keywords:	healthy diets, food policy, food systems, land systems, sustainable diets
Subjects:	H Social Sciences > H Social Sciences (General) R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine S Agriculture > S Agriculture (General)
Departments:	School of Health & Medical Sciences School of Health & Medical Sciences > Department of Population Health & Policy
SWORD Depositor:	Symplectic Administrator

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