City Research Online

Abstract

The EU has evolved much cyber law over the course of two decades. Cyber law-making has in the past exposed the EU as a weak global governance as much as a complex security actor, conflicted, beholden to private actors and vexed by its competences. EU cyber law-making in the past revealed a partially institutionalised field, with incomplete and awkwardly non-intersecting competences, straddling incomplete security and digital single market policies, evolving sanctions and new agencies. The EU harbours multiple working definitions of cybersecurity. The EU as a global cyber actor risks becoming an inadequate international actor. Global law-making efforts, for example, on a treaty, are advancing, but the EU’s engagement therewith is legally challenging given the intersection of its many powers and competences but also grappling with international organisations developing complex and incomplete standards.

Publication Type:	Book Section
Additional Information:	© 2026 Author | Routledge Deposited under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.
Publisher Keywords:	Cybersecurity, EU external relations, EU as a digital actor, International organisations, UN, Council of Europe
Subjects:	H Social Sciences > HD Industries. Land use. Labor > HD61 Risk Management K Law K Law > KZ Law of Nations Q Science > QA Mathematics > QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science
Departments:	The City Law School The City Law School > Academic Programmes
SWORD Depositor:	Symplectic Administrator

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