City Research Online

Article

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2024). Legal convergence through soft law? The EU-US trade and technology council (TTC). European Foreign Affairs Review, 29(4), pp. 1-22.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2024). The Evolution of EU-US Cybersecurity Law and Policy: on Drivers of Convergence. Journal of European Integration, 46(7), pp. 1073-1088. doi: 10.1080/07036337.2024.2411240

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2023). The life cycle of passenger name records in European Union law—on the normalisation of crisis. Irish Jurist, 70, pp. 211-223.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2023). Does the EU’s digital sovereignty promote localisation in its model digitial trade clauses?. European Papers, 8(2), pp. 503-511. doi: 10.15166/2499-8249/670

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300, Guild, E. & Kuskonmaz, E. (2023). The novelty of EU Passenger Name Records (PNR) in EU Trade Agreements: On shifting uses of data governance in light of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement PNR provisions. European Papers, 8(1), pp. 273-299. doi: 10.15166/2499-8249/651

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 & Wieczorek, I. (2022). The European Parliament as a Defender of EU Values in EU-Japan Agreements: What Role for Soft Law and Hard Law Powers?. European Law Review, 47(3), pp. 331-352.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 & Poli, S. (2022). The strengthening of the European Technological Sovereignty and its legal bases in the Treaties. Eurojus.it rivista, 2(2), pp. 147-164.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2021). The Rise and Fall of International Law in the Post-Lisbon AFSJ Legislation Cycles. Groningen Journal of European Law, 1, pp. 1-17. doi: 10.21827/gjel.1.1-17

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 & Terpan, F. (2021). Torn between institutionalisation and judicialisation: the demise of the EU-US privacy shield. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 28(2), pp. 205-244.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2021). The European Union as a Digital Trade Actor: The Challenge of Being a Global Leader in Standard-Setting. International Trade Law and Regulation, 27(2), pp. 155-166.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 & Mancini, I. ORCID: 0000-0001-7983-3360 (2020). The EU as an intentional or accidental convergence actor? Learning from the EU-Japan data adequacy negotiations. International Trade Law and Regulation, 26(2), pp. 99-111.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2020). Future-mapping the directions of European Union (EU) law: how do we predict the future of EU law. Journal of International and Comparative Law, 7(2), pp. 265-286.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2019). Constructing the Person in EU Law: Rights, Role, Identities. European Law Review, 44(4), pp. 579-582.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2017). Brexit and the Global Reach of EU Law. Irish Journal of European Law, 20(1), pp. 16-23.

Fahey, E. (2017). Casenote - European citizens initiative 'Stop TTIP' can proceed says General Court. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 8(4), pp. 787-790. doi: 10.1017/err.2017.68

Fahey, E. (2017). CETA and Global Governance Law: What Kind of Model Agreement Is It Really in Law?. European Papers, 2(1), pp. 293-302. doi: 10.15166/2499-8249/119

Fahey, E. (2016). The European Court of Justice and External Relations Law: Constitutional Challenges. European Law Review, 41(5), pp. 769-772.

Fahey, E. (2016). Joining the Dots: External Norms, AFSJ Directives and the EU’s Role in Global Legal Order. European Law Review, 41(1), pp. 105-121.

Fahey, E. (2016). 'On the Benefits of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) Negotiations for the EU Legal Order: A Legal Perspective'. Legal Issues of Economic Integration, 43(4), pp. 327-340.

Fahey, E. (2015). The EU’s Participation in the Global Legal Order as a Postnational Democracy: Manifestations of Sovereignty. UCD Working Papers in Law, Criminology & Socio-Legal Studies Research Paper No. 04,

Fahey, E. (2014). EU Foreign Relations Law: Litigating to Incite Openness of EU Negotiations. European journal of risk regulation : EJRR, 5(4), pp. 553-556. doi: 10.1017/S1867299X00004165S1867299X00004165

Fahey, E. (2014). EU’S Cybercrime and Cyber Security Rule-Making: Mapping the Internal and External Dimensions of EU Security. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 5(1), pp. 46-60.

Fahey, E. (2014). On the Use of Law in Transatlantic Relations: Legal Dialogues Between the EU and US. European Law Journal, 20(3), pp. 368-384. doi: 10.1111/eulj.12046

Fahey, E. & Bardutzky, S. (2013). European Integration Through Law: Judicial Review of the Eurozone Crisis in European National, Regional and Supranational Courts. Michigan Journal of International Law Online:Emerging Scholarship Project, Summer, pp. 101-111.

Fahey, E. & Bardutzky, S. (2013). Judicial Review of Eurozone Law- The Adjudication of Postnational Norms in the EU Courts, Plural. A Casestudy of the European Stability Mechanism. Michigan Journal of International Law Online, pp. 101-111.

Fahey, E. (2013). Law and Governance as Checks and Balances in Transatlantic Security: Rights, Redress and Remedies in EU-US Passenger Name Records and the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program. Yearbook of European Law, 32(1), pp. 368-388. doi: 10.1093/yel/yet012

Fahey, E. (2012). The EU Emission Trading Scheme and the Court of Justice: the High Politics of the indirect promotion of global standards. German Law Journal, 13(11), pp. 1247-1268.

Fahey, E. & Hernell-Karnell, E. (2012). Introduction: EU Law qua Global Governance Law. German Law Journal, 13(11), pp. 1147-1150.

Eckes, C., Fahey, E. & Kanetake, M. (2012). The Validity of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA): Perspectives from European Union, US and International Law. Currents, International Trade Law Journal, 20(2), pp. 20-44.

Fahey, E. (2011). Does the Emperor have Financial Crisis Clothes? On the Legal basis of the European Banking Authority. The Modern Law Review, 74(4), pp. 581-595. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2230.2011.00861.x

Fahey, E. (2010). Swimming in a sea of law: Reflections on water borders, Irish (-British)-Euro Relations and opting-out and opting-in after the Treaty of Lisbon. Common Market Law Review, 47(3), pp. 673-707.

Fahey, E. (2009). Going Back to Basics: Re-embracing the Fundamentals of the Free Movement of Persons in Metock. Legal Issues of Economic Integration, 36(1), pp. 83-89.

Fahey, E. (2009). Interpretive legitimacy and the distinction between “social assistance” and “work seekers allowance”. European Law Review, 34, pp. 933-949.

Fahey, E. (2008). How to be a third pillar guardian of fundamental rights? The Irish Supreme Court and the European arrest warrant. European Law Review, 33(4), pp. 563-576.

Book Section

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2024). Law of Brexit: Case law of the CJEU on UK-EU Relations. (1st ed.) In: Lazowski, A., Sarmiento, D. & Barnard, C. (Eds.), Pursuit of Legal Harmony in a Turbulent Europe: Essays in Honour of Eleanor Sharpston. European Law. . Hart Bloosmbury Publishing.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2024). Health, Climate, Energy and Cyber: Transnational Areas, Limited Cooperation Ambitions? In: Fabbrini, F. (Ed.), The Law & Politics of Brexit: Volume V. The Trade & Cooperation Agreement. (pp. 151-166). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2024). Plotting (R)evolution? On Critical EU International Relations Law. (1st ed.) In: Accetto, M., Weiler, J. H. H. & Škrubej, K. (Eds.), Law and Revolution: Past Experiences, Future Challenges. . Routledge.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2024). Democratic Leadership through Transatlantic Cooperation for Trade and Technology Reforms through the EU-US TTC Model? In: Petersmann, U. & Steinbach, A. (Eds.), Constitutionalism and Transnational Governance Failures. World Trade Institute Advanced Studies, 16. (pp. 279-307). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill/Nijhoff. doi: 10.1163/9789004693722_012

Parmar, I. ORCID: 0000-0001-8688-9020 & Ledwidge, M. (2023). Anglo-American Power in the Wake of Brexit and America First. In: Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Relations. . Routledge.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 & Terpan, F. (2023). The Future of the EU-US Privacy Shield. In: Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (Ed.), The Routledge Research Handbook of Transatlantic Relations. (pp. 221-236). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2023). The EU-US Transatlantic Trade and Technology Council: Shifting Multilateralism Through Bilateralism and Institutions? In: Quirico, O. & Williams, K. K. (Eds.), The European Union and the Evolving Architectures of International Economic Agreements. (pp. 171-179). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-981-99-2329-8

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2022). Global Governance and European Union Integration in Oxford Encyclopedia of EU law. In: The Oxford Encylopedia of EU Law. . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2022). Accession to the Communities, and Compensation under the Common Agricultural Policy: Opinion of Advocate General Warner in Ireland v Council. In: Shaping EU Law the British Way: UK Advocates General at the Court of Justice of the European Union. (pp. 71-77). London, UK: Hart Publishing.

Mancini, I. ORCID: 0000-0001-7983-3360 (2022). Introduction: Understanding the EU as a good global actor: whose metrics? In: Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 & Mancini, I. ORCID: 0000-0001-7983-3360 (Eds.), Understanding the EU as a Good Global: Actor Ambitions, Values and Metrics. . Abingdon, UK: Edward Elgar.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2022). Introduction: The Framework of Data Institutionalisation. In: Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (Ed.), The EU as a Global Digital Actor. (pp. 1-23). Hart Publishing. doi: 10.5040/9781509957071.0009

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2022). Developing EU cybercrime and cybersecurity On legal challenges of EU institutionalisation of cyber law-making. In: Hoerber, T., Weber, G. & Cabras, I. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of European Integrations. (pp. 270-284). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 & Brsakoska Bazerkoska, J. (2022). Critical perspectives on social and legal relevance of sincere cooperation in EU external relations law in the era of expanding trade: the belt & road initiative in context. In: The EU and its Member States’ Joint Participation in International Agreements. Modern Studies in European Law. . Bloomsbury Publishing.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2020). Unravelling the subjects and objects of EU external migration law. In: Fanoulis, E., Rosamond, B., Bigo, D. , Diez, T. & Stivachtis, Y.view all authors (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Critical European Studies. (pp. 441-451). London, UK: Routledge.

Mancini, I. ORCID: 0000-0001-7983-3360 (2020). 'A Deep Trade Agenda': The convergence of trade and Fundamental Rights. In: Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (Ed.), Framing Convergence with the Global Legal Order: The EU and the World. . Sussex, UK: Hart Publishing.

Cardwell, P. J. ORCID: 0000-0002-7485-3474 & Wessel, R. A. (2020). EU external relations and international law: divergence on questions of'territory'? In: Fahey, E. (Ed.), Framing Convergence with the Global Legal Order. (pp. 143-163). Hart Publishing.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2020). Introduction: On Framing Convergence of the EU with the Global Legal Order. In: Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (Ed.), Framing convergence with the global order: the EU and the world. (pp. 1-22). Sussex, UK: Hart Publishing.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2020). Critical EU International Relations Law: a Research Agenda. In: Cardwell, P. & Grainger, M-P. (Eds.), Research Handbook on the Politics of EU Law. (pp. 375-387). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

McDonagh, L. ORCID: 0000-0003-2085-5404 (2019). The Constitutional Implications of Brexit for Northern Ireland. In: Ahmed, T. & Fahey, E. (Eds.), On Brexit Law, Justices and Injustices. (pp. 190-204). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Collins, D. A. ORCID: 0000-0002-5517-6949 (2019). Brexit and International Trade: The Aspiration of Global Britain. In: Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 & Ahmed, T. ORCID: 0000-0002-4990-5631 (Eds.), On Brexit: Law Justices and Injustices. (pp. 238-252). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Seymour, D. ORCID: 0000-0001-6736-937X (2019). Lexit and the Mystifications of Political Economy. In: Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 & Ahmed, T. ORCID: 0000-0002-4990-5631 (Eds.), On Brexit: Law, Justices and Injustices. (pp. 23-38). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. doi: 10.4337/9781789903010.00009

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 & Ahmed, T. ORCID: 0000-0002-4990-5631 (2019). Introduction: Framing the methodology of justice, injustice and Brexit. In: Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 & Ahmed, T. ORCID: 0000-0002-4990-5631 (Eds.), On Brexit: Law, Justices and Injustices. . Abingdon, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2019). Transparency in transatlantic trade and data law. In: Abazi, V. & Rosen, G. (Eds.), Foreign Policy Secrets in the Age of Transparency. . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2019). The legal effects of the EU's interaction with other international institutions in law. In: Wessel, R. & Odermatt, J. (Eds.), Research Handbook on the European Union’s Engagement with International Organisations. (pp. 644-658). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2019). Hyper-legalisation and delegalisation in the AFSJ: on contradictions in the external management of EU migration. In: Carrera, S., Santos Vara, J. & Strik, T. (Eds.), Constitutionalising the External Dimensions of Eu Migration Policies in Times of Crisis: Legality, Rule of Law and Fundamental Rights Reconsidered. (pp. 116-134). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2018). Transatlantic Relations and Post-Brexit EU-UK Security. In: Carrapico, H., Niehuss, A. & Berthélémy, C. (Eds.), Brexit and Internal Security: Political and Legal Concerns on the Future UK-EU Relationship. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. (pp. 80-83). Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-04194-6

Fahey, E. (2018). Introduction: Institutionalisation beyond the nation state: new paradigms? Transatlantic relations: data, privacy and trade law. In: Fahey, E. (Ed.), Institutionalisation beyond the Nation State. (pp. 1-27). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-50221-2

Bardutzky, S. & Fahey, E. (2017). The subjects and objects of EU law: Exploring a research platform. In: Fahey, E. & Bardutzky, S. (Eds.), Framing the Subjects and Objects of EU law. (pp. 309-314). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Fahey, E. (2017). Between One-Shotters and Repeat Hitters: A Retrospective on the role of the European Parliament in the EU-US PNR Litigation. In: Nicol, F. & Davies, B. (Eds.), EU Law Stories. (pp. 528-550). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Fahey, E. (2017). The Evolution of Transatlantic Legal Integration: Truly, Madly, Deeply? EU – US Justice and Home Affairs. In: Trauner, F. & Ripoll Servent, A. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Justice and Home Affairs Research. (pp. 336-345). Oxford, UK: Routledge International.

Fahey, E. (2016). Introduction. In: The Global Reach of EU Law. (pp. 4-19). London: Routledge.

Fahey, E. (2016). Transatlantic Cooperation in Criminal Law. In: Mitsilegas, V., Bergström, M. & Konstadinides, T. (Eds.), Research Handbook on EU Criminal law. . UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Fahey, E. (2015). Introduction: Framing the actors of postnational rule-making. In: Fahey, E. & Curtin, D. (Eds.), The Actors of Postnational Rule-Making: Contemporary challenges of European and International Law. (pp. 1-24). UK: Routledge.

Fahey, E. & Bartl, M. (2014). A Postnational Marketplace: Negotiating the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). In: Fahey, E. & Curtin, D. (Eds.), A Transatlantic Community of Law: Legal Perspectives on the Relationship between the EU and US legal orders. (pp. 210-234). Cambridge University Press.

Fahey, E. (2014). Towards a Transatlantic Community of Law? The Use of Law between the EU and US Legal Orders: Questions of Legal Form and Characterisation. In: Fahey, E. & Curtain, D. (Eds.), A Transatlantic Community of Law: Legal Perspectives on the Relationship between the EU and US Legal Orders. (pp. 131-157). Cambridge University Press.

Fahey, E. & Santos Vara, J. (2014). Transatlantic Relations and Flexibility within the AFSJ. In: Blockmans, S. (Ed.), Differentiated Integration in the EU – From the inside looking out. (pp. 103-125). Centre for European Policy Studies.

Internet Publication

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2021). Whither transatlantic trade? The future of institutional solutions EU Law Live (Weekend Edition).

Report

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2023). 50 years on: divergent paths of British and Irish membership of the EU. London, UK: Verfassungsblog/ UK in a Changing EU.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2020). Digital trade and data equivalency: Research briefing for the Welsh parliament. Wales, UK: Welsh Parliament.

Working Paper

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300, Schröder, M., Thouvenin, F. , Mätzler, S., Thipsamritkul, T., Lee, C-L. & Woo, J. W.view all authors (2024). Comparative Law Research on the Personal Data Protection Law in Various Countries (5). Tokyo, Japan: KGRI.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2024). The Evolution of EU-US Cybersecurity Law and Policy: on Drivers of Convergence (CLS Working Paper Series 2024/05). London, UK: City Law School.

Bakos, A., Chen, X., Dunne, J. , Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300, Belen Garcia, M., Henig, D., Horne, A., Jones, F., Karetsos, C., Mendos Kuşkonmaz, E., Naithani, P., Norris, J., Ben Slimane, M., Stefan, O., Stevens, R. & Verellen, T.view all authors (2024). Trade negotiations, trade policy and law-making in an era of soft law: is the EU a leader or a laggard? (CLS Working Paper Series 2024/02). London, UK: City Law School.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300, Terpan, F. & Zahn, R. (2023). Understanding EU legal integration/disintegration: in search of new perspectives (CLS Working Paper Series 2023/02). London, UK: City Law School, City, University of London.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 & Poli, S. (2022). The strengthening of European technological sovereignty and its legal bases in the Treaties (City Law School Research Paper 2022/08). London, UK: City Law School, City, University of London.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2022). Imagining the future of good global governance (City Law School Research Paper 2022/11). London, UK: City Law School.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2021). The Rise and Fall of International Law in the Post-Lisbon AFSJ Legislation Cycles (City Law School Research Paper 2021/10). London, UK: City Law School, City, University of London.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2020). Future-mapping the directions of European Union (EU) law: how do we predict the future of EU law? (City Law School (CLS) Research Paper No. 2020/04). London: City Law School, City, University of London.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2020). Institutionalising EU Cyber Law: Can the EU institutionalise its many subjects and objects? (EIF Working Paper Series 01/2020). Vienna, Austria: Centre for European Integration Research.

Shleina, V. ORCID: 0000-0003-1762-1332, Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300, Klonick, K. , Menéndez González, N., Murray, A. & Tzanou, M.view all authors (2020). The Law of Facebook: Borders, Regulation and Global Social Media (City Law School (CLS) Research Paper No. 2020/01). London, UK: The City Law School.

Curtis, M., Smith, M., Parmar, I. ORCID: 0000-0001-8688-9020 , Rees, W., Mai'a, K., Cross, D., Moraes, C., Christakis, T., Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300, Chen, X., Gao, X., Henig, D., Collins, D. A. ORCID: 0000-0002-5517-6949, Lyons, T., Egan, M. & Shleina, V. ORCID: 0000-0003-1762-1332view all authors (2020). Contemporary Issues in Translantic Relations (City Law School Research Paper 2020/08). London, UK: City Law School, City, University of London.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300, Mancini, I. ORCID: 0000-0001-7983-3360, Harrison, J. , Suttle, O., Zelazna, E., Garcia, M., Gammage, C., Araujo, B. M., Kuner, C., Yakovleva, S., Ott, A., Moerland, A., Gehrke, T., Farrell, H., Newman, A., Kalypso, N. & Shleina, V. ORCID: 0000-0003-1762-1332view all authors (2020). The EU as a Good Global Actor (City Law School (CLS) Research Paper No. 2020/04). London, UK: City Law School, City, University of London.

Bonadio, E., Collins, D. A., Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 , McDonagh, L. & Rogers, A.view all authors (2019). Report on the TRILATTRADE Project: Trade regulation & IP Post-Brexit (City Law School (CLS) Research Paper No. 2019/08). London, UK: The CIty Law School.

Ahmed, T. ORCID: 0000-0002-4990-5631 & Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2019). On Brexit: Law, Justices and Injustices (City Law School (CLS) Research Paper No. 2019/01). London, UK: The City Law School.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300, Odermatt, J. & O'Loughlin, E. (2019). Whose Global law? Comparative, Regional and Cyber Approaches to Law-Making (City Law School (CLS) Research Paper No. 2019/02). London, UK: The City Law School.

Fahey, E. ORCID: 0000-0003-2603-5300 (2018). The Global Dimension of the EU’s AFSJ: On Internal Transparency and External Practice. New York, USA: NYU Jean Monnet Centre.

Bardutzky, S. & Fahey, E. (2017). The subjects and objects of EU law: Exploring a research platform (City Law School (CLS) Research Paper No. 2017/03). London, UK: The City Law School.