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Abstract

Background
Childhood obesity inequalities in England persist despite targeted interventions focused on promoting healthy diets and food environments. This study, part of the Family Food Experience Study-London, aimed to investigate the impact of deprivation and neighbourhood food environments on home food environments, parental feeding practices, child eating behaviours, food preferences, and child BMI.

Methods
Families (n = 728) with primary school-aged children were recruited from four socioeconomically diverse London boroughs in 2022. Data were collected through computer-assisted interviews (30.8% in-person, 69.2% telephone) on home food environment, parental feeding practices, and children’s eating behaviours and food preferences. Deprivation was characterised using a composite measure of family and neighbourhood indicators of socioeconomic position. Neighbourhood food environment exposures were estimated from individualised activity spaces derived from home postcodes and reported commuting patterns. Child BMI was measured objectively. Generalised linear models examined cross-sectional associations between deprivation and neighbourhood food environment with family food-related outcomes, adjusting for school-level clustering, child sex, age and ethnicity.

Results
Greater family deprivation was significantly associated with more ‘obesogenic’ family food practices, child eating behaviours and child BMI. Deprivation was linked to higher food responsiveness (β = -0.12, p = 0.002), emotional overeating (β = -0.11, p < 0.001), and increased desire to drink (β = -0.26, p < 0.001). Parents in more deprived households used more emotional (β = -0.10, p < 0.05), instrumental (β = -0.11, p = 0.003) and pressuring feeding practices (β = -0.14, p < 0.001). Greater deprivation was also associated with a more obesogenic home food environment (β = -0.19, p < 0.001) and lower meal structure (β = 0.17, p < 0.001). Exposure to less healthy neighbourhood food environments around and between home and school were associated with a more obesogenic home food environment (β = -0.07, p < 0.01), but no significant associations were found with feeding practices, child eating behaviours or child BMI.

Conclusions
In this study, family deprivation, rather than neighbourhood food environments, was more strongly linked to obesogenic feeding practices, child eating behaviours and child BMI. Policies focusing on improving neighbourhood food environments will likely be most effective if combined with those addressing systemic issues related to deprivation such as welfare policies (e.g. reforms to benefit caps) or targeted subsidies for healthy food. Future research should examine the independent and accumulative impact that environment and household interventions have on childhood obesity inequalities.

Publication Type:	Article
Additional Information:	This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
Publisher Keywords:	Socioeconomic position, Inequalities, Food environment, Childhood, Eating behaviour, Weight, Childhood obesity
Subjects:	H Social Sciences > H Social Sciences (General) R Medicine > RJ Pediatrics > RJ101 Child Health. Child health services
Departments:	School of Health & Medical Sciences School of Health & Medical Sciences > Department of Global, Public & Population Health & Policy
SWORD Depositor:	Symplectic Administrator

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